Hunter JR, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:264–72FDA pregnancy risk classification by trimester (1st/2nd/3rd)OTC = over-the-counter; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugAssociated with increased perinatal mortality, neonatal hemorrhage, decreased birth weight, prolonged gestation and labor, and possible teratogenicity.Associated with oligohydramnios, premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus with subsequent persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, fetal nephrotoxicity, and periventricular hemorrhage.Information from Collins E. Maternal and fetal effects of acetaminophen and salicylates in pregnancy. Maternal illness, including fever and medication use as risk factors for neural tube defects. Gilbert-Barness E, Rogers PD, Of the commonly used over-the-counter medications, acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine, kaolin and pectin preparations, and most antacids have a good safety record. Although there is no known association with teratogenicity, few clinical data are available to support the lack of association.Controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters), and the possibility of fetal harm appears remote.Either animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women, or animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect (other than a decrease in fertility) that was not confirmed in controlled studies in women in the first trimester (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus (teratogenic or embryocidal or other) and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available. Lew RA . Velie EM, Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. The safety of nicotine replacement products in pregnancy has not been adequately studied. Parker CR Jr, Lyszkiewicz D, Fisher RS . Several small trials have indicated that butoconazole and miconazole are likely to be safe during the second and third trimesters. Unfortunately, indomethacin use during pregnancy may result in oligohydramnios, premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus with subsequent persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, fetal nephrotoxicity, and periventricular hemorrhage.Other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, have been studied less often during pregnancy. ptcb exam Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Gilbert EF, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:577–8,627–8OTC = over-the-counter; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationOTC = over-the-counter; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationOTC = over-the-counter; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationInformation from Lagace E. Safety of first trimester exposure to HOTC = over-the-counter; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationInformation from Lagace E. Safety of first trimester exposure to HThe authors indicate that they do not have any conflicts of interest. Diphenhydramine overdose during pregnancy: lessons from the past. Lammer EJ . Researchers believe that nicotine and its metabolic byproduct, cotinine, are harmful to the developing fetus because smoking is known to cause harmful fetal effects, including intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, hyperviscosity in the newborn, spontaneous abortion, fetal neurotoxicity, and pulmonary defects, and an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.Safe in second and third trimesters (human trials),Safe in second and third trimesters (human trials),Physicians should educate pregnant patients about the harmful effects of smoking to themselves and the developing fetus, and help these patients develop a plan for smoking cessation. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:577–8,627–8.Collins E . The use of newer asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy. Robinson MG . Young GL, Jewell D. Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy. Browse or search in thousands of pages or create your own page using a simple wizard. Todoroff K, Harding C . Because an estimated 10 percent or more of birth defects result from maternal drug exposure, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has assigned a risk category to each drug. Reproductive toxicology. Finally a format that helps you memorize and understand. Stamilio DM . He recently completed a fellowship in family practice obstetrics at Florida Hospital, Orlando. However, an analysisWomen commonly use cold medications during pregnancy. First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Johnson RF, Current status of teratology. Cutter GR, Werler MM, 2d ed. Newman RB . Anderson JC, Duckworth AF, Handbook of teratology. Staszak DJ . Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk (e.g., if the drug is needed in a life-threatening situation or for a serious disease in which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective).Studies in animals or human beings have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit.