Both the number of psychotropic and non-psychotropic medications taken, and the proportion of individuals taking these medications, increased significantly over the study period, with 81% taking at least one medication 4.5 years later. Escitalopram was significantly more effective than citalopram in overall treatment effect, with an estimated mean treatment difference of 1.7 points at week 8 (or last assessment if <8 wk) on the MADRS (95% CI 0.8-2.6, p=0.0002) (six RCTs used the MADRS), and in responder rate (8.3 percentage points, 95% CI 4.4-12.3) (eight RCTs) and remitter rate (17.6 percentage points, 95% CI 12.1-23.1) analyses (reported for four RCTs), corresponding to number-needed-to-treat (NNT) values of 11.9 (p<0.0001) for response and 5.7 (p<0.0001) for remission. Improvement was also demonstrated on the other scales. Based on available research, some recommendations for the treatment of challenging behaviours of adults (and children) with ASD include the use of functional assessment, side-effect monitoring of medications and behavioural methods whenever possible. There have been studies about its efficacy in treating behavioural problems in children and adults with an autistic spectrum disorder. Clinical Disorders: 5. unsatisfactorily efficacy on tics and side effects in the form of weight gain and sedation. In addition, because of adults' increased physical size and longer history of these problems, treating these behaviours effectively is important. These atypical antipsychotics, including Risperdal, Abilify, Geodon, Clozaril, Zyprexa, and Seroquel, have been shown to improve many behavioral symptoms, including aggressiveness, oppositionality, and hyperactivity, in children with psychiatric problems other than schizophrenia. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Time to event analysis was used to compare time hospitalisation and rate of hospitalisation between the different case-groups by estimating HR, accounting for birth year and preterm birth status. Over the ensuing decades, there has been a prescribing shift from typical to atypical antipsychotics with risperidone now being the most common antipsychotic medication prescribed as both chemical restraint and for treatment of psychotic disorders in people with disabilities. The theory that people with autism can be characterized by a kind of "mental blindness" or by lack of theory of mind, has been useful in the study of child development, due to its fascinating explanatory and metaphoropoietic abilities. Western Australia. 8, No. 315 their reported efficacy for treating both positive and negative symptoms in adults … 48, No. Behavioral ratings were obtained during two baseline visits and again after 12 weeks of risperidone treatment. The mean optimal dose was 2.7 mg daily (range 1-6). Repeated cross-sectional design. Information was collected using a semistructured proforma. There was no evidence of either extrapyramidal symptoms or tardive dyskinesia. Under both haloperidol and placebo conditions, there was also a tendency for greater reduction in symptoms, in terms of raw score and percent change, for those with greater initial severity of illness. Conditions for which a moderate level of skill in pharmacological management is required include obsessive-compulsive disorder, tic disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the primary school-aged child, and persistent enuresis. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the long term benefits, if any, compared with the potential risks.Part I.